100 must-know Linux commands for power users.

 

File and Directory Management

  • ls # Lists files and directories
  • cd # Changes directory
  • pwd # Displays the current directory path
  • mkdir # Creates a new directory
  • rmdir # Removes an empty directory
  • cp # Copies files or directories
  • mv # Moves or renames files or directories
  • rm # Deletes files or directories
  • touch # Creates an empty file
  • find # Searches for files in the filesystem
  • locate # Quickly finds files
  • cat # Displays the content of a file
  • more # Displays file content with pagination
  • less # Similar to more, but with more options
  • head # Displays the first lines of a file
  • tail # Displays the last lines of a file
  • du # Shows disk space usage of files and directories
  • df # Displays free space in partitions
  • chmod # Changes file and directory permissions
  • chown # Changes the owner of files or directories
  • ln # Creates symbolic or hard links to files
  • stat # Displays detailed information about a file

Text Manipulation

  • echo # Prints text in the terminal
  • grep # Searches for patterns in files
  • awk # A text processing language
  • sed # Stream editor, used for modifying files
  • cut # Extracts sections from each line in a file
  • sort # Sorts lines of text
  • uniq # Removes duplicate lines in a file
  • tr # Translates or deletes characters
  • wc # Counts lines, words, and characters in a file
  • diff # Compares two files line by line
  • cmp # Compares two files byte by byte
  • tee # Reads from standard input and writes to standard output and files

Processes

  • ps # Displays information about running processes
  • top # Shows real-time processes
  • htop # A more user-friendly version of top
  • kill # Terminates a process by its PID
  • killall # Terminates processes by name
  • bg # Resumes a suspended job in the background
  • fg # Brings a job to the foreground
  • jobs # Displays a list of current jobs
  • nice # Runs a command with a modified priority
  • renice # Changes the priority of a running process
  • nohup # Runs a command that continues after logging out
  • uptime # Shows how long the system has been running

User Management

  • whoami # Displays the current user
  • sudo # Executes a command as superuser
  • su # Switches to another user
  • useradd # Adds a new user
  • userdel # Deletes a user
  • usermod # Modifies a user account
  • passwd # Changes a user's password
  • groupadd # Creates a new group
  • groupdel # Deletes a group
  • groups # Displays a user's groups
  • chage # Changes user password expiration

Network and Connections

  • ping # Checks connectivity to an IP address
  • ifconfig # Configures a network interface
  • ip # Advanced network management tool
  • netstat # Displays network connections, routing tables, etc.
  • ss # Tool for displaying connections and sockets
  • wget # Downloads files from the web
  • curl # Transfers data to or from a server
  • scp # Securely copies files between hosts
  • ssh # Secure connection to other systems
  • sftp # Secure file transfer
  • traceroute # Traces the route to a host
  • dig # DNS query tool
  • nslookup # DNS query tool
  • hostname # Displays or sets the host name
  • nmcli # NetworkManager control tool
  • ufw # Simple firewall for iptables

System and Hardware

  • uname # Displays system information
  • hostnamectl # Manages the system's host name
  • dmesg # Displays kernel messages
  • lshw # Displays detailed hardware information
  • lsblk # Displays information about block devices
  • blkid # Displays attributes of block devices
  • lscpu # Displays CPU information
  • lsusb # Lists connected USB devices
  • lspci # Lists connected PCI devices
  • df # Displays disk space usage
  • free # Displays free and used memory
  • uptime # Shows system uptime
  • top # Displays real-time processes and resource usage
  • htop # An interactive version of top

Package Management and Software

  • apt # Package manager for Debian/Ubuntu
  • yum # Package manager for RedHat/CentOS
  • dnf # Package manager for Fedora
  • pacman # Package manager for Arch Linux
  • snap # Manages Snap packages
  • flatpak # Manages Flatpak packages
  • rpm # Manages RPM packages
  • dpkg # Package system for Debian/Ubuntu
  • make # Compiles and builds software from source
  • tar # Archives and extracts files
  • gzip # Compresses files
  • unzip # Extracts compressed ZIP files

Other Useful Commands

  • alias # Creates shortcuts for commands

 

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